The layer that lies next to the skin must be comfortable and capable of 'wicking' moisture away from the skin to the outer garments. Various polyesters have been traditional but in recent years wool, in the shape of the very fine merino wool, has been making a big dent into base layers sales.
A comparatively modern concept softshells tend to be breathable, windproof and shower proof. Some are no more than a light sweater while other are fully speccied with hoods, pockets, underarm zippers and adjustable cuffs. Ideal wear for cold, dry conditions.
Fleece comes in various thicknesses and nowadays most hillwalkers and backpackers tend to use micro-fleeces rather than the heavier types. Fleece garments are remarkably warm but, unless they have a linding, or not in the least bit windproof. Ideal garments for wearing under waterproofs in cold weather or in the tent or bothy in the evening.
Many backpackers carry a lightweight insulated jacket that can be worn over waterproofs when the weather turns particularly cold or when resting. Insulated jackets come with both synthetic and down insulation. The latter is probably best used in cold and dry conditions such as the Alps or Himalayan countries.
The best windproof jackets are capable of being packed up into a tiny package and are extremely lightweight. Despite this they have the capacity of cutting the effect of windchill drastically and should be considered on cold and dry days when the wind blows strongly.
Frostbite is a common occurrence in many mountain areas of the world and is certainly not unknown here in the UK. Well fitting gloves or mitts keep the hands warm and comfortable and many are now designed to be both waterproof and breathable.
While boots are considered to be the most important itemm of gear tyou'll need to buy many walkers ignore the effects of well fitting, well designed socks. The wrong socks can turn your day into a miserable affair and today's 'engineered' socks are light years removed from the old home-knitted affairs of yesteryear. Like base layers, woollen socks have made something of a comeback in recent years.
Crotch rot and bra rubbing can be debilitating conditions and it's important that walkers don't ignore the benefits of well designed underwear, from boxer shorts to sports bras
It's been estimated that up to 80% of your body heat can be lost through your head. It's therefore vital to carry a warm hat in cold conditions and a protective hat in sunny conditions. Hats for hillwalkers range from sensible wool bobble caps to large, wide brimmed sun hats, with just about everything in between. Largely down to personal choice...
Gone are the days when any old pair of ex-army trousers would do. Modern hillwalking and backpacking trousers are designed and cut to a very high specification, often with ankle zips to enable you to put them on over boots and side thigh zippers to allow ventilation. Many have thigh map pockets as well as side and rear pockets. An increasing number have zips that allow the lower leg to be removed, creating shorts, an ideal compromise in mixed weather conditions.
